Tina Strobos: The Young Medical Student Who Helped to Save More Than 100 Jewish People

Tina Strobos: The Young Medical Student Who Helped to Save More Than 100 Jewish People

How much courage would it take to continue hiding people when the Gestapo had already searched your home several times?

Today I want to find out a little about Tina Strobos. She was a young Dutch medical student who, alongside her mother and grandmother, helped to rescue more than 100 Jewish people during the German occupation of the Netherlands.

Tina was born Tineke Buchter on the 19th of May 1920 in Amsterdam. Her family had a long tradition of helping people in need. Her parents had previously welcomed refugees into their home, while her grandmother had sheltered Belgian civilians during the First World War.

Tina began studying medicine at the University of Amsterdam. However, after Germany invaded the Netherlands in May 1940, students were ordered to sign a declaration of loyalty to the occupying authorities. Tina and many of her classmates refused, and the medical school was closed.

She soon became involved with the Dutch resistance. Her first act of rescue was helping her Jewish friend, Tirtsah van Amerongen, find somewhere to hide.

Tina lived with her mother in a large Amsterdam boarding house. Together, they began sheltering Jewish people who were attempting to escape arrest and deportation. Usually, four or five people stayed in the house at a time until safer accommodation could be arranged.

A resistance carpenter constructed a concealed compartment inside the attic. The family also installed a warning bell so that anyone upstairs could hide when danger approached. An escape route through a neighbouring building provided another way out.

The Gestapo searched the house eight times but never discovered the hiding place.

Tina herself was arrested and questioned on nine occasions. Although she was threatened and physically mistreated, she never revealed the location of anyone she was helping.

Her resistance activities extended far beyond her home. Tina transported radios, weapons, ration cards and important messages in the basket of her bicycle. She also helped to create false identity documents by obtaining cards belonging to non-Jewish people and replacing their photographs.

Among those she helped was her former fiancé, the Jewish physicist Abraham Pais. When he was arrested in 1945, Tina approached a senior German official and argued that Pais was a gifted scientist whose life should be spared. Remarkably, she succeeded in securing his release. Pais later became a respected physicist and scientific biographer.

After the war, Tina completed her medical degree and trained in psychiatry, including studying with Anna Freud in London. She later moved to the United States and built a successful career as a family psychiatrist.

In 1989, Tina and her mother, Marie Schotte, were recognised by Yad Vashem as Righteous Among the Nations.

Tina Strobos died on the 27th of February 2012, aged 91. Her story reminds us that resistance was not always fought on battlefields. Sometimes it took place inside ordinary homes, behind hidden walls and through the quiet courage of people who refused to look away.

Had you heard of Tina Strobos and her remarkable family before?

Hereward the Wake: The Anglo-Saxon Rebel Who Defied William the Conqueror

Hereward the Wake: The Anglo-Saxon Rebel Who Defied William the Conqueror

The Norman Conquest of England started in 1066. William, Duke of Normandy, defeated King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. But, William’s victory did not bring the whole country under Norman control. Rebellions continued for several years, and one of the most famous resistance leaders was the Anglo-Saxon known as Hereward the Wake.

He was probably born in Lincolnshire sometime during the first half of the 11th century. His parents are unclear. Later stories claimed that he was connected to powerful Anglo-Saxon families, with some even naming Earl Leofric and Lady Godiva as his parents. But, there is no reliable evidence to support this.

He may instead have been part of the landowning Anglo-Danish family in southern Lincolnshire. Records suggest that a man named Hereward held land connected to Peterborough and Crowland abbeys before the Norman Conquest.

According to the later Gesta Herewardi, Hereward was exiled when he was about eighteen because of his violent and disruptive behaviour. The story describes adventures in Cornwall, Ireland and Flanders, including battles, tournaments and even a fight with a bear. Many of these episodes were probably added to make his life appear more heroic.

Hereward may have served as a mercenary in Flanders before returning to England shortly after the Norman Conquest.

The Gesta claims that when Hereward returned, he discovered that Normans had seized his family’s property and killed his brother. He supposedly took revenge before gathering supporters and becoming an outlaw. Although the details are uncertain, Hereward’s later involvement in the resistance is supported by much earlier historical sources.

By 1070, Hereward had joined a rebellion centred on the Isle of Ely. At that time, Ely was surrounded by marshland and could only be reached safely along a small number of causeways. Its isolated position made it an ideal refuge for those resisting Norman rule.

Hereward also joined Danish forces sent to England by King Sweyn II of Denmark. Together with local rebels, they attacked Peterborough Abbey and carried away many of its treasures. Later stories claimed that Hereward wanted to protect the valuables from the Normans, but the Peterborough Chronicle records that much of the treasure was taken to Denmark.

Hereward was eventually joined by Morcar, the former Earl of Northumbria, and other English rebels. In 1071, William the Conqueror launched a determined campaign against their stronghold.

Medieval accounts describe the Normans attempting to build an enormous wooden causeway across the marshes. One version says that it collapsed beneath the weight of soldiers, horses and armour. Another story claims that William employed a witch to curse the defenders from a wooden tower, which Hereward then destroyed by setting fire to the surrounding reeds.

These colourful details are probably legendary. However, William’s forces eventually discovered or were shown a safe route across the marshland. Ely fell, and Morcar was captured and imprisoned.

Hereward escaped into the Fens with a small group of followers. What happened to him afterwards is uncertain.

One account says that he eventually made peace with William, received a pardon and lived quietly for the rest of his life. Another claims that he was surrounded and killed by Norman knights. It is also possible that he left England and disappeared from the historical record.

Even the name “the Wake” was probably added centuries later. It may mean “the watchful”, although it could also have been connected to the Wake family, who later owned land associated with Hereward.

Hereward’s existence is generally accepted, but many of the stories surrounding him cannot be proven. The historical man was a local resistance leader at Ely, while the legendary Hereward became a fearless outlaw who repeatedly outwitted the Normans.

During the Victorian period, novels and popular histories transformed him into a national hero and a symbol of Anglo-Saxon resistance.

How much of Hereward’s story do you think was based on real events, and how much was created by later storytellers?

The Ulma Family: The Polish Family Who Risked Everything to Hide Eight Jewish People

The Ulma Family: The Polish Family Who Risked Everything to Hide Eight Jewish People

Today I want to find out a little about the Ulma family. Józef and Wiktoria Ulma were a Polish Catholic couple who during the Second World War risked their lives and the safety of their children by sheltering eight Jewish people.

Józef was born on the 2nd of March 1900 in Markowa, a village in south-eastern Poland. He was a farmer and market gardener who also kept bees, grew fruit trees and took photographs of the village.

Wiktoria Niemczak was born in Markowa on the 10th of December 1912. She went to the local school then continued her education at a people’s university and took part in an amateur theatre group.

Józef and Wiktoria married on the 7th of July 1935. They had six young children: Stanisława, Barbara, Władysław, Franciszek, Antoni and Maria. By early 1944, Wiktoria was also expecting their seventh child.

Following the German invasion of Poland in 1939, Jewish people were facing increasingly severe persecution. In 1942, the Jewish community around Markowa was subjected to deportations and killings. Those who escaped were forced to search for hiding places, knowing that anyone caught helping them could also face death.

Despite the enormous danger, the Ulmas agreed to shelter eight Jewish people in their home. They were Saul Goldman and his four sons, together with Lea Didner, Lea’s young daughter and Golda Grünfeld. They are sometimes described collectively as members of the Goldman, Szall, Didner and Grünfeld families.

They appear to have arrived at the Ulma home during the second half of 1942. Saul Goldman and his sons were sheltered first, with Lea Didner, her young daughter and Golda Grünfeld joining them soon afterwards. They lived mainly in the attic for more than a year.

Józef and Wiktoria were not wealthy, and providing food for eight additional people placed a huge burden on the family. But they continued to protect them despite the constant possibility of discovery.

The family were probably betrayed by Włodzimierz Leś, a member of the Polish Blue Police who had previously been connected to some of the people in hiding. Before dawn on the 24th of March 1944, German gendarmes, accompanied by Blue Police officers, surrounded the Ulma home.

The eight Jewish people were killed first. Józef and Wiktoria were then murdered, followed by their six children, who were all aged between one and seven. Wiktoria’s unborn child also died. Altogether, seventeen people lost their lives that morning.

The murders demonstrated the terrible danger faced by anyone who offered shelter. Nevertheless, rescue efforts in Markowa did not end. Other local families continued hiding Jewish people, and twenty-one survived the occupation with their assistance.

 

In 1995, Yad Vashem recognised Józef and Wiktoria Ulma as Righteous Among the Nations. In 2016, the Ulma Family Museum of Poles Saving Jews in World War II opened in Markowa. It commemorates the Ulmas and other Polish people who helped Jewish people during the Holocaust.

On the 10th of September 2023, Józef, Wiktoria and their children were beatified together by the Catholic Church.

The Ulma family could not save the people hidden inside their home, but their decision to offer them shelter is an extraordinary example of courage, compassion and sacrifice.

 

Martin Frobisher: The Tudor Explorer Who Mistook Worthless Rock for Gold

Martin Frobisher: The Tudor Explorer Who Mistook Worthless Rock for Gold

Today I want to find out a little about Sir Martin Frobisher. He was an English sea captain, privateer and explorer who made three dangerous voyages in search of the North-west Passage. However, his expeditions are also remembered for conflict with the Inuit and for bringing more than a thousand tonnes of worthless rock back to England in the belief that it contained gold.

Martin was born sometime around 1535 or 1539 at Altofts in Yorkshire. His father died while Martin was still a child, and in 1549 he was sent to London to live with his relative, Sir John York, a wealthy merchant with connections to the royal court.

Martin’s life at sea began when he joined an English trading expedition to West Africa in 1553. The voyage was disastrous. Disease, drowning and the loss of two ships devastated the expedition, and only a minority of the original 140 men survived. Martin survived and joined another expedition the following year. During this voyage, he volunteered to remain ashore as a hostage while the English negotiated with local traders. However, the English ships departed without him after a Portuguese vessel appeared. Martin was handed over to the Portuguese, imprisoned at Elmina Castle and later taken to Portugal. He eventually returned to England around 1558.

During the following years, Martin became involved in privateering. Privateers were privately owned ships authorised to attack enemy vessels during wartime, although the distinction between privateering and piracy was not always clear. Martin was arrested and imprisoned several times after becoming involved in the capture of ships without proper authority.

His greatest ambition was to discover a North-west Passage through the Arctic that would provide England with a shorter trading route to Asia.

In 1576, Martin finally secured support for an expedition. He left England with three small vessels and approximately 35 men. One ship was lost during a storm, while another turned back, leaving Martin to continue aboard the Gabriel.

After crossing the Atlantic, Martin reached the region now known as Nunavut in northern Canada. He sailed into what is now Frobisher Bay, believing that it might be the entrance to a passage leading towards the Pacific Ocean.

The expedition’s encounters with the local Inuit ended badly. Five English sailors disappeared after going ashore. Martin responded by capturing an Inuit man and taking him back to England, where he died shortly afterwards.

The sailors also collected a piece of dark stone from Baffin Island. Most experts who examined it believed that it was worthless. However, an Italian alchemist claimed that it contained gold, encouraging investors to finance another expedition.

Martin returned to the Arctic in 1577 with three ships, miners and a much larger crew. Instead of concentrating on finding the North-west Passage, the expedition collected approximately 200 tonnes of the supposed gold ore.

During this voyage, Martin’s men forcibly captured three Inuit: a man, a woman and her child. All three died soon after arriving in England. Tudor exploration often involved violence, captivity and the attempted claiming of lands already inhabited by Indigenous communities.

Despite uncertainty about the ore, Martin sailed to Canada for a third time in 1578. This expedition involved 15 ships and more than 400 people. There were even plans to establish an English settlement.

Storms, ice, shipwrecks and disagreements prevented the colony from being successfully established. Nevertheless, the expedition returned to England carrying around 1,350 tonnes of rock.

After years of attempts to extract precious metal, it became clear that the rock contained no valuable gold. Much of it was eventually used in roads and walls. The failed venture financially ruined several investors and damaged Martin’s reputation as an explorer.

However, his naval career continued. He fought alongside Francis Drake during attacks against Spanish possessions and later commanded the Triumph, one of the largest English ships involved in resisting the Spanish Armada in 1588. For his actions during the campaign, Martin was knighted aboard the Ark Royal on the 26th of July 1588.Martin Frobisher: The Tudor Explorer Who Mistook Worthless Rock for Gold

Today I want to find out a little about Sir Martin Frobisher. He was an English sea captain, privateer and explorer who made three dangerous voyages in search of the North-west Passage. However, his expeditions are also remembered for conflict with the Inuit and for bringing more than a thousand tonnes of worthless rock back to England in the belief that it contained gold.

Martin was born sometime around 1535 or 1539 at Altofts in Yorkshire. His father died while Martin was still a child, and in 1549 he was sent to London to live with his relative, Sir John York, a wealthy merchant with connections to the royal court.

Martin’s life at sea began when he joined an English trading expedition to West Africa in 1553. The voyage was disastrous. Disease swept through the crew, two of the expedition’s three ships were lost, and only around 40 of the original 140 men returned to England.

Martin survived and joined another expedition the following year. During this voyage, he volunteered to remain ashore as a hostage while the English negotiated with local traders. However, the English ships departed without him after a Portuguese vessel appeared. Martin was handed over to the Portuguese, imprisoned at Elmina Castle and later taken to Portugal. He eventually returned to England around 1558.

During the following years, Martin became involved in privateering. Privateers were privately owned ships authorised to attack enemy vessels during wartime, although the distinction between privateering and piracy was not always clear. Martin was arrested and imprisoned several times after becoming involved in the capture of ships without proper authority.

His greatest ambition was to discover a North-west Passage through the Arctic that would provide England with a shorter trading route to Asia.

In 1576, Martin finally secured support for an expedition. He left England with three small vessels and approximately 35 men. One ship was lost during a storm, while another turned back, leaving Martin to continue aboard the Gabriel.

After crossing the Atlantic, Martin reached the region now known as Nunavut in northern Canada. He sailed into what is now Frobisher Bay, believing that it might be the entrance to a passage leading towards the Pacific Ocean.

The expedition’s encounters with the local Inuit ended badly. Five English sailors disappeared after going ashore. Martin responded by capturing an Inuit man and taking him back to England, where he died shortly afterwards.

The sailors also collected a piece of dark stone from Baffin Island. Most experts who examined it believed that it was worthless. However, an Italian alchemist claimed that it contained gold, encouraging investors to finance another expedition.

Martin returned to the Arctic in 1577 with three ships, miners and a much larger crew. Instead of concentrating on finding the North-west Passage, the expedition collected approximately 200 tonnes of the supposed gold ore.

During this voyage, Martin’s men forcibly captured three Inuit: a man, a woman and her child. All three died soon after arriving in England. 

Despite uncertainty about the ore, Martin sailed to Canada for a third time in 1578. This expedition involved 15 ships and more than 400 people. There were even plans to establish an English settlement.

Storms, ice, shipwrecks and disagreements prevented the colony from being successfully established. Nevertheless, the expedition returned to England carrying around 1,350 tonnes of rock.

After years of attempts to extract precious metal, it became clear that the rock contained no valuable gold. Much of it was eventually used in roads and walls. The failed venture financially ruined several investors and damaged Martin’s reputation as an explorer.

However, his naval career continued. He fought alongside Francis Drake during attacks against Spanish possessions and later commanded the Triumph, one of the largest English ships involved in resisting the Spanish Armada in 1588. For his actions during the campaign, Martin was knighted aboard the Ark Royal on the 26th of July 1588.

In 1594, Martin was wounded in the thigh while fighting Spanish forces at Fort Crozon in Brittany. The wound became infected, and he died at Plymouth on the 22nd of November 1594.

Do you think Martin Frobisher should be remembered primarily as a courageous explorer, or as a warning about the dangers of ambition and colonial expansion?

In 1594, Martin was wounded in the thigh while fighting Spanish forces at Fort Crozon in Brittany. The wound became infected, and he died at Plymouth on the 22nd of November 1594.

Edward Chacza: The Polish Rescuer Who Guided Jewish People to Safety

Edward Chacza: The Polish Rescuer Who Guided Jewish People to Safety

Today I want to find out a little about Edward Chacza. He was a Polish Catholic who risked his life and the safety of his family to help Jewish people escape during the Second World War.

Edward was born in 1918 in western Poland. By the time of the war, he was living in Baranowicze, a city that had belonged to Poland before the Soviet occupation of 1939 and is now Baranavichy in Belarus. He was married to Julia Iwanowa, and they had a daughter. During the German occupation, Edward worked for the municipal sanitation department and was responsible for the Catholic cemetery.

After German forces occupied Baranowicze in 1941, its Jewish population was imprisoned inside a ghetto. Hunger, forced labour and repeated mass killings devastated the community. Edward began his rescue work in early 1942, knowing that discovery could lead to imprisonment or death.

During one of the first major killing operations, Edward encountered a Jewish acquaintance named Arkadi Lipkin. He sheltered him and helped him reach the surrounding forests, where Jewish and Soviet partisan groups were operating. Lipkin and his brother later appear to have acted as links between Edward and the partisans.

Edward’s home became a temporary refuge for fugitives. He provided food, medical assistance and somewhere to recover before helping them reach the forests. Survivor accounts also state that he sometimes concealed people inside the mortuary at the Catholic cemetery.

 Assisted by several trusted companions, Edward guided escapees away from danger and helped them reach partisan units in the surrounding forests.He also cooperated with Hugo Armann, a German army sergeant who secretly protected Jewish workers. When Armann helped people escape, Edward connected them with partisan groups. In early 1943, Edward reportedly helped rescue around 35 of the last Jewish workers held in a camp controlled by the German Security Service.

After the ghetto had been destroyed, Edward continued supplying intelligence to the partisans. He was arrested more than once. Following another arrest in November 1943, he was brutally tortured and imprisoned in several camps until liberation. Despite his suffering, he survived the war.

The exact number of people saved by Edward remains uncertain, but historian Yehuda Bauer estimated that it may have been between 60 and 150. On the 24th of March 1964, Yad Vashem recognised Edward Chacza as Righteous Among the Nations.

Edward’s story reminds us that extraordinary courage can come from an ordinary person who refuses to abandon others. How many more rescuers like Edward Chacza are still waiting to be remembered?

George Julius Poulett Scrope: A Georgian-born geologist who became a prominent Victorian scientist and politician.

George Julius Poulett Scrope: A Georgian-born geologist who became a prominent Victorian scientist and politician.

What if the mountains and valleys around us were not simply ancient ruins from a dying Earth, but evidence of a planet that was still constantly changing?

Today I want to find out a little about George Julius Poulett Scrope. He was an English geologist whose study of volcanoes helped to change our understanding of how the Earth developed.

George was born George Julius Poulett Thomson on the 10th of March 1797 in London. His family later adopted the additional name Poulett, and after his marriage in 1821, he took the surname Scrope. His father was a successful businessman, and the family lived comfortably at Waverley Abbey in Surrey.

After he attended Harrow School, he briefly studied at Pembroke College in Oxford. But, he was disappointed by the limited opportunities to study science and transferred to St John’s College in Cambridge.

At Cambridge, he studied under the geologists Edward Daniel Clarke and Adam Sedgwick. Their teaching encouraged his growing fascination with rocks, minerals and the forces that shaped the landscape.

George’s lifelong interest in volcanoes began during visits to Italy. While staying near Naples, he explored Mount Vesuvius and examined the surrounding volcanic landscape. He later travelled to Mount Etna, the Lipari Islands and other volcanic regions of Europe.

He was present during the major eruption of Vesuvius in 1822. Watching the volcano erupt helped to convince him that volcanic activity had played an enormous role in forming the Earth’s surface.

At the time, At the time, the older Neptunist theory still influenced geology. Its supporters believed that many rocks had formed from minerals deposited by a vast primeval ocean. George instead emphasised the importance of molten rock, volcanic eruptions, erosion and gradual change over immense periods of time. 

In 1825, he published Considerations on Volcanos. It was one of the earliest systematic attempts to explain how volcanoes worked and how they had influenced the history of the Earth.

The book was not immediately appreciated, but George continued his research.

He travelled through the Auvergne region of central France, studying its mountains, valleys and extinct volcanoes. His research included detailed maps, sketches, geological sections and panoramic drawings.

In 1827, he published his findings in Memoir on the Geology of Central France. His work provided one of the first detailed descriptions of the Chaîne des Puys, a chain of more than 70 volcanic formations in central France.

George became a close friend of the influential geologist Charles Lyell. Although they did not agree on every thing, they shared the belief that processes visible in the present could help explain the distant past.

George was also deeply interested in politics and social reform. He became the Member of Parliament for Stroud in 1833 and remained in Parliament for more than three decades.

He criticised the treatment of agricultural labourers, opposed harsh Poor Law policies and argued that economic policy should improve the lives of ordinary people rather than simply increase wealth.

For his important contribution to geology, George received the Wollaston Medal in 1867, the Geological Society of London’s highest honour.

His eyesight and health declined during his later years, and he died on the 19th of January 1876 at Cobham in Surrey, aged 78.

Although George Julius Poulett Scrope is rarely remembered today, his careful observations helped establish volcanology as a serious scientific subject and showed that the Earth was not motionless, but a constantly changing world.

Had you ever heard of George Julius Poulett Scrope and his pioneering study of volcanoes?

Zofia Baniecka: The Polish Resistance Member Who Sheltered More Than 50 Jewish People

Zofia Baniecka: The Polish Resistance Member Who Sheltered More Than 50 Jewish People

Today I want to find out a little about Zofia Baniecka. She was a courageous Polish woman who worked with the resistance and helped to shelter more than 50 Jewish people during the Second World War.

Zofia was born on the 12th of May 1917 in Warsaw, Poland. She was an only child. Her father was a sculptor and her mother was a teacher and grew up in an educated, open-minded household. Although her parents were not particularly religious, Zofia attended a Catholic school before studying at the University of Warsaw.

When Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, Zofia and her parents started to become involved with the Polish underground resistance. Zofia worked with the Peasant Battalions, known as the Bataliony Chłopskie. She acted as a courier, carrying messages, delivering instructions and distributing illegal underground newspapers.

Her parents were also involved. Her mother transported weapons hidden inside an ordinary shopping bag, and her father secretly carried food and books to Jewish friends trapped inside the Warsaw Ghetto.

The Baniecka family’s original home was located within the area chosen for the new ghetto, forcing them to leave. With help from their resistance contacts, they moved into a larger apartment close to the ghetto walls.

Zofia and her mother began opening their home to Jewish people who were trying to escape persecution. The apartment was divided using curtains, with different individuals and families hidden behind them. Friends, acquaintances and complete strangers were given shelter.

Zofia also worked with a Jewish aid committee to find safe hiding places for children. When their own apartment became too crowded, she helped arrange accommodation elsewhere.

Her father was killed during an Soviet air raid in 1941, leaving Zofia and her mother to continue their dangerous work alone. Despite the devastating loss and the constant threat of discovery, they continued sheltering people until the Warsaw Uprising began in August 1944.

Among those they helped was a family of ten who escaped from the Warsaw Ghetto during the following the uprising there in April 1943. Altogether, Zofia and her mother are believed to have sheltered at least 50 Jewish people.

After the war, Zofia was arrested by Poland’s Communist authorities because of her resistance activities, although she was later released. She became an artist and remained politically active. During the 1970s and 1980s, she and her husband supported democratic opposition groups and distributed underground publications for the Solidarity movement.

Zofia died in Warsaw on the 2nd of June 1993. In 2016, she was posthumously recognised by Yad Vashem as Righteous Among the Nations for the extraordinary courage she showed during the Holocaust.