Lord Guildford Dudley: The Lesser-Known Husband of Lady Jane Grey

Lord Guildford Dudley: The Lesser-Known Husband of Lady Jane Grey

I want to introduce you to a lesser-known Tudor figure whose life became tragically entangled in the struggle for the English throne.

Lord Guildford Dudley is usually remembered only as the husband of Lady Jane Grey, the young woman who occupied the throne for just nine days. But Guildford was also a teenager caught inside the dangerous political ambitions of his family.

Guildford was born in around 1535. He was one of the younger sons of John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, and his wife, Jane Guildford.

The Dudleys were one of the most powerful families in England. During the reign of the young Edward VI, Guildford’s father became the leading figure in the royal government and effectively controlled much of the country’s administration.

Guildford and his siblings were raised in a Protestant household and one contemporary chronicler described him as a handsome, virtuous and impressive young gentleman.

In the spring of 1553, Guildford became engaged to Lady Jane Grey. Jane was a great-granddaughter of Henry VII and therefore had a place in the royal line of succession.

Guildford and Jane were married at Durham Place in London on the 25th of May 1553. Their wedding formed part of a magnificent celebration involving three marriages, jousting, games and elaborate entertainments.

However, their marriage was probably arranged for political reasons rather than affection.

King Edward VI was seriously ill. Determined to prevent his Catholic half-sister Mary from inheriting the throne, Edward named Jane as his successor.

After Edward died on the 6th of July 1553, Jane was proclaimed queen. On the 10th of July, Jane and Guildford entered the Tower of London, which was then used as a royal residence before a coronation.

Guildford reportedly wanted to be declared king. According to Jane’s later account, she was prepared to make him Duke of Clarence but would not agree to give him the title of king without the approval of Parliament.

Their brief period of power soon collapsed.

Mary Tudor gathered considerable support, and members of the Privy Council abandoned Jane’s cause. On the 19th of July, Mary was proclaimed queen in London.

Jane and Guildford were no longer treated as a royal couple. Instead, they became prisoners inside the Tower.

Guildford was held in the Bell Tower, while Jane was confined separately. They were tried for high treason on the 13th of November 1553 and found guilty.

At first, Queen Mary appears to have been willing to spare their lives. Jane and Guildford were young, and many believed they had been used as pawns by their ambitious families.

However, the situation changed in early 1554 when Thomas Wyatt led a rebellion against Mary’s planned marriage to Philip of Spain. Jane’s father joined the rebellion, making Jane and Guildford possible symbols for future opposition.

The government decided that they could no longer be allowed to live.

Guildford asked to see Jane one final time on the day before their executions. Jane reportedly refused because she believed that meeting again would only increase their pain.

On the morning of the 12th of February 1554, Guildford was taken from the Tower to Tower Hill.

He made a short speech before his execution, he asked the people watching to pray for him. He was only around eighteen or nineteen years old.

His body was carried back into the Tower. According to a later account, Jane saw the cart from her window and cried out:

“Oh, Guildford, Guildford!”

Jane was executed within the hour. They were buried together inside the Chapel Royal of St Peter ad Vincula.

Guildford Dudley was not simply the ambitious husband who wanted to become king. He was also a very young man born into a powerful family and placed at the centre of a political struggle that he may never have fully controlled.

Do you think Guildford and Jane were willing participants in the attempt to take the throne, or were they mainly victims of their families’ ambitions?

Follow Let’s Discover History Together for more remarkable and lesser-known stories from the Tudor period.

 

Gustav Schröder: The German Captain Who Refused to Abandon More Than 900 Jewish Refugees

Gustav Schröder: The German Captain Who Refused to Abandon More Than 900 Jewish Refugees

What would you have done if hundreds of lives depended upon your refusal to follow orders?

Today I want to find out a little about Gustav Schröder. He was a German sea captain who became known for his determined efforts to protect 937 Jewish refugees aboard the MS St. Louis in 1939.

Gustav was born on the 27th of September 1885 in Hadersleben, then part of the German Empire. He began working at sea when he was sixteen and spent many years serving aboard both sailing ships and passenger vessels.

By 1939, Gustav was captain of the MS St. Louis. In May that year, the ship left Hamburg carrying Jewish passengers who were attempting to escape increasing persecution in Germany. Most hoped to get refuge in Cuba.

During the voyage, Gustav insisted that his passengers should be treated with dignity. He allowed religious services to take place and instructed his crew to behave respectfully, despite knowing that officials might disapprove.

When the ship arrived in Havana, however, the Cuban authorities refused to allow most of the passengers to disembark. Attempts to gain permission to land in the United States and Canada were also unsuccessful.

Gustav understood the danger his passengers faced if they were returned directly to Germany. He continued searching for somewhere that would accept them and reportedly considered desperate alternatives rather than surrendering them to the authorities.

Eventually, Britain, France, Belgium and the Netherlands agreed to receive the refugees. Although many reached safety, others were later trapped when German forces occupied much of Western Europe.

After the outbreak of the Second World War, Gustav was eventually assigned an administrative position and never went to sea again. Following the war, surviving passengers supposedly spoke in his defence after the war.

He died in Hamburg on the 10th of January 1959. In 1993, Yad Vashem recognised Gustav Schröder as Righteous Among the Nations for his efforts to protect his Jewish passengers.

 

Charles Blondin: The Victorian Daredevil Who Crossed Niagara Falls on a Tightrope

Charles Blondin: The Victorian Daredevil Who Crossed Niagara Falls on a Tightrope

Would you have trusted a man to carry you across the Niagara Gorge on his back, with nothing beneath you except the rushing water?

Today I want to find out a little about Charles Blondin. He was a French acrobat and tightrope walker whose extraordinary performances made him one of the most famous entertainers of the Victorian period.

Charles was born Jean-François Gravelet on the 28th of February 1824 in Hesdin, northern France. He began training as an acrobat when he was only five years old and soon appeared before audiences under the nickname the The Little Wonder and Boy Wonder.

When he got older, he performed under several stage names, eventually becoming best known as Blondin or the Great Blondin. His balance, confidence and flair for creating dramatic spectacles quickly attracted attention.

In the 1850s, Blondin travelled to the United States, where he performed with an acrobatic troupe and became involved with a circus. However, the achievement that transformed him into an international celebrity took place on the 30th of June 1859.

Blondin walked across the Niagara Gorge on a rope approximately 1,100 feet long, suspended around 160 feet above the water. Thousands of spectators gathered to watch as he completed the dangerous crossing.

One successful attempt was not enough for Blondin. He crossed the gorge several more times while introducing increasingly daring variations. He walked blindfolded, travelled inside a sack, pushed a wheelbarrow and crossed while wearing stilts. On another occasion, he carried his manager, Harry Colcord, on his back.

Perhaps his most unusual performance involved stopping halfway across the rope to cook and eat an omelette.

Blondin later performed throughout Britain and Ireland. In 1860, tragedy occurred during an appearance in Dublin when the supporting rope broke and part of the scaffolding collapsed. Blondin escaped injury, but two workers were killed. An initial investigation did not place responsibility on Blondin, although questions were raised about the rope and the organisation of the event.

He continued performing at venues including the Crystal Palace in London, the Royal Botanic Gardens in Edinburgh and Edgbaston Reservoir in Birmingham. He even crossed a high rope while riding a specially constructed bicycle.

Blondin continued performing into old age. In 1896, when he was 71, he crossed Waterloo Lake in Roundhay Park, Leeds, several times. This became his final public performance.

Charles Blondin died at his home in Ealing, London, on the 22nd of February 1897, shortly before his 73rd birthday. He was buried at Kensal Green Cemetery.

His name became so closely associated with tightrope walking that other performers were frequently described as “Blondins”.

Would you have been brave enough to watch Blondin cross Niagara Gorge, or would you have found it too terrifying?

 

Tina Strobos: The Young Medical Student Who Helped to Save More Than 100 Jewish People

Tina Strobos: The Young Medical Student Who Helped to Save More Than 100 Jewish People

How much courage would it take to continue hiding people when the Gestapo had already searched your home several times?

Today I want to find out a little about Tina Strobos. She was a young Dutch medical student who, alongside her mother and grandmother, helped to rescue more than 100 Jewish people during the German occupation of the Netherlands.

Tina was born Tineke Buchter on the 19th of May 1920 in Amsterdam. Her family had a long tradition of helping people in need. Her parents had previously welcomed refugees into their home, while her grandmother had sheltered Belgian civilians during the First World War.

Tina began studying medicine at the University of Amsterdam. However, after Germany invaded the Netherlands in May 1940, students were ordered to sign a declaration of loyalty to the occupying authorities. Tina and many of her classmates refused, and the medical school was closed.

She soon became involved with the Dutch resistance. Her first act of rescue was helping her Jewish friend, Tirtsah van Amerongen, find somewhere to hide.

Tina lived with her mother in a large Amsterdam boarding house. Together, they began sheltering Jewish people who were attempting to escape arrest and deportation. Usually, four or five people stayed in the house at a time until safer accommodation could be arranged.

A resistance carpenter constructed a concealed compartment inside the attic. The family also installed a warning bell so that anyone upstairs could hide when danger approached. An escape route through a neighbouring building provided another way out.

The Gestapo searched the house eight times but never discovered the hiding place.

Tina herself was arrested and questioned on nine occasions. Although she was threatened and physically mistreated, she never revealed the location of anyone she was helping.

Her resistance activities extended far beyond her home. Tina transported radios, weapons, ration cards and important messages in the basket of her bicycle. She also helped to create false identity documents by obtaining cards belonging to non-Jewish people and replacing their photographs.

Among those she helped was her former fiancé, the Jewish physicist Abraham Pais. When he was arrested in 1945, Tina approached a senior German official and argued that Pais was a gifted scientist whose life should be spared. Remarkably, she succeeded in securing his release. Pais later became a respected physicist and scientific biographer.

After the war, Tina completed her medical degree and trained in psychiatry, including studying with Anna Freud in London. She later moved to the United States and built a successful career as a family psychiatrist.

In 1989, Tina and her mother, Marie Schotte, were recognised by Yad Vashem as Righteous Among the Nations.

Tina Strobos died on the 27th of February 2012, aged 91. Her story reminds us that resistance was not always fought on battlefields. Sometimes it took place inside ordinary homes, behind hidden walls and through the quiet courage of people who refused to look away.

Had you heard of Tina Strobos and her remarkable family before?

Hereward the Wake: The Anglo-Saxon Rebel Who Defied William the Conqueror

Hereward the Wake: The Anglo-Saxon Rebel Who Defied William the Conqueror

The Norman Conquest of England started in 1066. William, Duke of Normandy, defeated King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. But, William’s victory did not bring the whole country under Norman control. Rebellions continued for several years, and one of the most famous resistance leaders was the Anglo-Saxon known as Hereward the Wake.

He was probably born in Lincolnshire sometime during the first half of the 11th century. His parents are unclear. Later stories claimed that he was connected to powerful Anglo-Saxon families, with some even naming Earl Leofric and Lady Godiva as his parents. But, there is no reliable evidence to support this.

He may instead have been part of the landowning Anglo-Danish family in southern Lincolnshire. Records suggest that a man named Hereward held land connected to Peterborough and Crowland abbeys before the Norman Conquest.

According to the later Gesta Herewardi, Hereward was exiled when he was about eighteen because of his violent and disruptive behaviour. The story describes adventures in Cornwall, Ireland and Flanders, including battles, tournaments and even a fight with a bear. Many of these episodes were probably added to make his life appear more heroic.

Hereward may have served as a mercenary in Flanders before returning to England shortly after the Norman Conquest.

The Gesta claims that when Hereward returned, he discovered that Normans had seized his family’s property and killed his brother. He supposedly took revenge before gathering supporters and becoming an outlaw. Although the details are uncertain, Hereward’s later involvement in the resistance is supported by much earlier historical sources.

By 1070, Hereward had joined a rebellion centred on the Isle of Ely. At that time, Ely was surrounded by marshland and could only be reached safely along a small number of causeways. Its isolated position made it an ideal refuge for those resisting Norman rule.

Hereward also joined Danish forces sent to England by King Sweyn II of Denmark. Together with local rebels, they attacked Peterborough Abbey and carried away many of its treasures. Later stories claimed that Hereward wanted to protect the valuables from the Normans, but the Peterborough Chronicle records that much of the treasure was taken to Denmark.

Hereward was eventually joined by Morcar, the former Earl of Northumbria, and other English rebels. In 1071, William the Conqueror launched a determined campaign against their stronghold.

Medieval accounts describe the Normans attempting to build an enormous wooden causeway across the marshes. One version says that it collapsed beneath the weight of soldiers, horses and armour. Another story claims that William employed a witch to curse the defenders from a wooden tower, which Hereward then destroyed by setting fire to the surrounding reeds.

These colourful details are probably legendary. However, William’s forces eventually discovered or were shown a safe route across the marshland. Ely fell, and Morcar was captured and imprisoned.

Hereward escaped into the Fens with a small group of followers. What happened to him afterwards is uncertain.

One account says that he eventually made peace with William, received a pardon and lived quietly for the rest of his life. Another claims that he was surrounded and killed by Norman knights. It is also possible that he left England and disappeared from the historical record.

Even the name “the Wake” was probably added centuries later. It may mean “the watchful”, although it could also have been connected to the Wake family, who later owned land associated with Hereward.

Hereward’s existence is generally accepted, but many of the stories surrounding him cannot be proven. The historical man was a local resistance leader at Ely, while the legendary Hereward became a fearless outlaw who repeatedly outwitted the Normans.

During the Victorian period, novels and popular histories transformed him into a national hero and a symbol of Anglo-Saxon resistance.

How much of Hereward’s story do you think was based on real events, and how much was created by later storytellers?

The Ulma Family: The Polish Family Who Risked Everything to Hide Eight Jewish People

The Ulma Family: The Polish Family Who Risked Everything to Hide Eight Jewish People

Today I want to find out a little about the Ulma family. Józef and Wiktoria Ulma were a Polish Catholic couple who during the Second World War risked their lives and the safety of their children by sheltering eight Jewish people.

Józef was born on the 2nd of March 1900 in Markowa, a village in south-eastern Poland. He was a farmer and market gardener who also kept bees, grew fruit trees and took photographs of the village.

Wiktoria Niemczak was born in Markowa on the 10th of December 1912. She went to the local school then continued her education at a people’s university and took part in an amateur theatre group.

Józef and Wiktoria married on the 7th of July 1935. They had six young children: Stanisława, Barbara, Władysław, Franciszek, Antoni and Maria. By early 1944, Wiktoria was also expecting their seventh child.

Following the German invasion of Poland in 1939, Jewish people were facing increasingly severe persecution. In 1942, the Jewish community around Markowa was subjected to deportations and killings. Those who escaped were forced to search for hiding places, knowing that anyone caught helping them could also face death.

Despite the enormous danger, the Ulmas agreed to shelter eight Jewish people in their home. They were Saul Goldman and his four sons, together with Lea Didner, Lea’s young daughter and Golda Grünfeld. They are sometimes described collectively as members of the Goldman, Szall, Didner and Grünfeld families.

They appear to have arrived at the Ulma home during the second half of 1942. Saul Goldman and his sons were sheltered first, with Lea Didner, her young daughter and Golda Grünfeld joining them soon afterwards. They lived mainly in the attic for more than a year.

Józef and Wiktoria were not wealthy, and providing food for eight additional people placed a huge burden on the family. But they continued to protect them despite the constant possibility of discovery.

The family were probably betrayed by Włodzimierz Leś, a member of the Polish Blue Police who had previously been connected to some of the people in hiding. Before dawn on the 24th of March 1944, German gendarmes, accompanied by Blue Police officers, surrounded the Ulma home.

The eight Jewish people were killed first. Józef and Wiktoria were then murdered, followed by their six children, who were all aged between one and seven. Wiktoria’s unborn child also died. Altogether, seventeen people lost their lives that morning.

The murders demonstrated the terrible danger faced by anyone who offered shelter. Nevertheless, rescue efforts in Markowa did not end. Other local families continued hiding Jewish people, and twenty-one survived the occupation with their assistance.

 

In 1995, Yad Vashem recognised Józef and Wiktoria Ulma as Righteous Among the Nations. In 2016, the Ulma Family Museum of Poles Saving Jews in World War II opened in Markowa. It commemorates the Ulmas and other Polish people who helped Jewish people during the Holocaust.

On the 10th of September 2023, Józef, Wiktoria and their children were beatified together by the Catholic Church.

The Ulma family could not save the people hidden inside their home, but their decision to offer them shelter is an extraordinary example of courage, compassion and sacrifice.

 

Martin Frobisher: The Tudor Explorer Who Mistook Worthless Rock for Gold

Martin Frobisher: The Tudor Explorer Who Mistook Worthless Rock for Gold

Today I want to find out a little about Sir Martin Frobisher. He was an English sea captain, privateer and explorer who made three dangerous voyages in search of the North-west Passage. However, his expeditions are also remembered for conflict with the Inuit and for bringing more than a thousand tonnes of worthless rock back to England in the belief that it contained gold.

Martin was born sometime around 1535 or 1539 at Altofts in Yorkshire. His father died while Martin was still a child, and in 1549 he was sent to London to live with his relative, Sir John York, a wealthy merchant with connections to the royal court.

Martin’s life at sea began when he joined an English trading expedition to West Africa in 1553. The voyage was disastrous. Disease, drowning and the loss of two ships devastated the expedition, and only a minority of the original 140 men survived. Martin survived and joined another expedition the following year. During this voyage, he volunteered to remain ashore as a hostage while the English negotiated with local traders. However, the English ships departed without him after a Portuguese vessel appeared. Martin was handed over to the Portuguese, imprisoned at Elmina Castle and later taken to Portugal. He eventually returned to England around 1558.

During the following years, Martin became involved in privateering. Privateers were privately owned ships authorised to attack enemy vessels during wartime, although the distinction between privateering and piracy was not always clear. Martin was arrested and imprisoned several times after becoming involved in the capture of ships without proper authority.

His greatest ambition was to discover a North-west Passage through the Arctic that would provide England with a shorter trading route to Asia.

In 1576, Martin finally secured support for an expedition. He left England with three small vessels and approximately 35 men. One ship was lost during a storm, while another turned back, leaving Martin to continue aboard the Gabriel.

After crossing the Atlantic, Martin reached the region now known as Nunavut in northern Canada. He sailed into what is now Frobisher Bay, believing that it might be the entrance to a passage leading towards the Pacific Ocean.

The expedition’s encounters with the local Inuit ended badly. Five English sailors disappeared after going ashore. Martin responded by capturing an Inuit man and taking him back to England, where he died shortly afterwards.

The sailors also collected a piece of dark stone from Baffin Island. Most experts who examined it believed that it was worthless. However, an Italian alchemist claimed that it contained gold, encouraging investors to finance another expedition.

Martin returned to the Arctic in 1577 with three ships, miners and a much larger crew. Instead of concentrating on finding the North-west Passage, the expedition collected approximately 200 tonnes of the supposed gold ore.

During this voyage, Martin’s men forcibly captured three Inuit: a man, a woman and her child. All three died soon after arriving in England. Tudor exploration often involved violence, captivity and the attempted claiming of lands already inhabited by Indigenous communities.

Despite uncertainty about the ore, Martin sailed to Canada for a third time in 1578. This expedition involved 15 ships and more than 400 people. There were even plans to establish an English settlement.

Storms, ice, shipwrecks and disagreements prevented the colony from being successfully established. Nevertheless, the expedition returned to England carrying around 1,350 tonnes of rock.

After years of attempts to extract precious metal, it became clear that the rock contained no valuable gold. Much of it was eventually used in roads and walls. The failed venture financially ruined several investors and damaged Martin’s reputation as an explorer.

However, his naval career continued. He fought alongside Francis Drake during attacks against Spanish possessions and later commanded the Triumph, one of the largest English ships involved in resisting the Spanish Armada in 1588. For his actions during the campaign, Martin was knighted aboard the Ark Royal on the 26th of July 1588.Martin Frobisher: The Tudor Explorer Who Mistook Worthless Rock for Gold

Today I want to find out a little about Sir Martin Frobisher. He was an English sea captain, privateer and explorer who made three dangerous voyages in search of the North-west Passage. However, his expeditions are also remembered for conflict with the Inuit and for bringing more than a thousand tonnes of worthless rock back to England in the belief that it contained gold.

Martin was born sometime around 1535 or 1539 at Altofts in Yorkshire. His father died while Martin was still a child, and in 1549 he was sent to London to live with his relative, Sir John York, a wealthy merchant with connections to the royal court.

Martin’s life at sea began when he joined an English trading expedition to West Africa in 1553. The voyage was disastrous. Disease swept through the crew, two of the expedition’s three ships were lost, and only around 40 of the original 140 men returned to England.

Martin survived and joined another expedition the following year. During this voyage, he volunteered to remain ashore as a hostage while the English negotiated with local traders. However, the English ships departed without him after a Portuguese vessel appeared. Martin was handed over to the Portuguese, imprisoned at Elmina Castle and later taken to Portugal. He eventually returned to England around 1558.

During the following years, Martin became involved in privateering. Privateers were privately owned ships authorised to attack enemy vessels during wartime, although the distinction between privateering and piracy was not always clear. Martin was arrested and imprisoned several times after becoming involved in the capture of ships without proper authority.

His greatest ambition was to discover a North-west Passage through the Arctic that would provide England with a shorter trading route to Asia.

In 1576, Martin finally secured support for an expedition. He left England with three small vessels and approximately 35 men. One ship was lost during a storm, while another turned back, leaving Martin to continue aboard the Gabriel.

After crossing the Atlantic, Martin reached the region now known as Nunavut in northern Canada. He sailed into what is now Frobisher Bay, believing that it might be the entrance to a passage leading towards the Pacific Ocean.

The expedition’s encounters with the local Inuit ended badly. Five English sailors disappeared after going ashore. Martin responded by capturing an Inuit man and taking him back to England, where he died shortly afterwards.

The sailors also collected a piece of dark stone from Baffin Island. Most experts who examined it believed that it was worthless. However, an Italian alchemist claimed that it contained gold, encouraging investors to finance another expedition.

Martin returned to the Arctic in 1577 with three ships, miners and a much larger crew. Instead of concentrating on finding the North-west Passage, the expedition collected approximately 200 tonnes of the supposed gold ore.

During this voyage, Martin’s men forcibly captured three Inuit: a man, a woman and her child. All three died soon after arriving in England. 

Despite uncertainty about the ore, Martin sailed to Canada for a third time in 1578. This expedition involved 15 ships and more than 400 people. There were even plans to establish an English settlement.

Storms, ice, shipwrecks and disagreements prevented the colony from being successfully established. Nevertheless, the expedition returned to England carrying around 1,350 tonnes of rock.

After years of attempts to extract precious metal, it became clear that the rock contained no valuable gold. Much of it was eventually used in roads and walls. The failed venture financially ruined several investors and damaged Martin’s reputation as an explorer.

However, his naval career continued. He fought alongside Francis Drake during attacks against Spanish possessions and later commanded the Triumph, one of the largest English ships involved in resisting the Spanish Armada in 1588. For his actions during the campaign, Martin was knighted aboard the Ark Royal on the 26th of July 1588.

In 1594, Martin was wounded in the thigh while fighting Spanish forces at Fort Crozon in Brittany. The wound became infected, and he died at Plymouth on the 22nd of November 1594.

Do you think Martin Frobisher should be remembered primarily as a courageous explorer, or as a warning about the dangers of ambition and colonial expansion?

In 1594, Martin was wounded in the thigh while fighting Spanish forces at Fort Crozon in Brittany. The wound became infected, and he died at Plymouth on the 22nd of November 1594.