The Medieval Barber Surgeon: The Man Who Cut Hair and Performed Surgery

The Medieval Barber Surgeon: The Man Who Cut Hair and Performed Surgery

Today I want to continue learning about medieval jobs. So today I want to look at the medieval barber surgeon. This is one of those jobs that seems strange to us today. These were people who could cut your hair or shaved your beard but they could also be called on to pull out a tooth or even amputate a limb if needed. That sounds incredibly scary to a modern person, but in medieval times, this was completely normal.

Medicine in the medieval age was very different from today. There were physicians, but they were usually highly educated men who had studied at universities and they mostly treated wealthy people. They usually would diagnose an illness or recommend treatments, but many did not want to perform surgery themselves because it was seen as dirty work. That was where the barber surgeon came in.

Barbers already worked with sharp tools every day. They had access to razors, scissors, and knives to cut hair and shaved beards. So they began to be trusted with other tasks that involved using these tools. They actually started carrying out medical procedures as well.

A barber surgeon could do much more than most people realise. They might have cleaned and stitched up wounds, drained boils, set broken bones, pull out rotten teeth, and they even removed arrows and other objects from injuries. They could even amputate damaged arms or legs if the situation needed it. It makes me wince just thinking about it.

Their work must have been incredibly hard. Surgery happened without the modern anaesthetics or antibiotics we are lucky enough to have. Patients were sometimes given alcohol or a simple herbal remedy in an attempt to dull the pain, but often they had to suffer the procedure whilst fully awake. The pain must have been terrible. Even if the surgery went well, there was a huge risk of infection.

Barber surgeons became especially important in the wars. With battles came injured soldiers, and someone needed to be able to treat them quickly. A skilled barber surgeon could and did save lives. They needed a steady hand and the ability to stay calm in horrible situations.  

The symbol linked to barber surgeons is the barber’s pole. The red stripe is often said to represent blood, while the white represents bandages. Some stories also say that patients squeezed a pole during bloodletting to help their veins stand out but it is unclear if that is true.

Surgery eventually became more professional and separate from barbering. Medical knowledge began to improve and the two jobs gradually split apart. It really makes me appreciate modern medicine.

Could you imagine going in for a haircut and then leaving without a tooth?

World War Two The Blackout Part 2: Crime in the Darkness

World War Two The Blackout Part 2: Crime in the Darkness

Today I want to continue looking at what it was like during the Second World War blackout. I want to explore something that was much darker and was an unfortunate consequence of the black out and that was crime. The blackout was designed to protect Britain from enemy bombers by making towns and cities as invisible as possible. The streetlights were switched off, windows were covered up, and even the smallest chink of light could get you a fine.

 

But even though the blackout was designed to protect people from raids, it also created opportunities for criminals.

When the blackout started on the 1st of September 1939, Britain changed almost overnight. Many streets became so dark that people could barely see their own hands in front of them. This must have been quite frightening, but the criminals found that the darkness gave them cover.

Although overall crime did not rise everywhere straight away, certain crimes like  theft and burglary became a growing concern during the blackout.

One of the most common crimes during the blackout was theft and burglary. Houses were often empty during air raids. These houses became tempting targets. When the families rushed to shelters or underground stations, some burglars took advantage and broke into homes. Shops were also vulnerable. With less light and less people about, criminals could work more easily.

 

Pickpocketing and bag snatching also increased, especially in the crowded shelters and stations. During raids, many people were  frightened or tired, and far more focused on surviving and keeping their families safe. In all the confusion, some criminals found it was the perfect time to take advantage. They stole wallets, ration books, handbags, and many other valuables. Losing a ration books could be devastating because they were essential for getting food. The Blitz made this problem even worse, as huge numbers of people packed into shelters night after night.

Women in particular were often faced with another danger. Reports showed an increase in assaults and attacks on women. The blackout created places where attackers could hide. Many women were worried about walking alone after dark, even if it was just to and from work or civil defence duties.

There were other crimes as well, ones that involved fraud and black market trading. Some people illegally sold rationed goods such as meat, sugar, butter, or clothing coupons at inflated prices.

Some people used fake ration books and documents. There were shortage and that meant there was a chance to make money and not everyone was willing to play by the rules.

The police had a difficult job, they had to deal with crime while also helping enforce the blackout, all in near-total darkness.

It is important to remember that crime did not define blackout Britain. Most people remained honest and looked out for one another. Neighbours helped neighbours, volunteers helped the vulnerable, and communities often pulled together. But the blackout revealed human nature, while some people became more caring, others decided to exploit the chaos.

 

Do you think that the blackout brought out the best in people, the worst in people?

The Victorian Governess: Educated, Respected… But Often Very Lonely

The Victorian Governess: Educated, Respected… But Often Very Lonely

Today I want to continue learning about Victorian servants, and this time I want to look at what life was like for the Victorian governess. Unlike the nursemaid, who cared mainly for younger children, the governess was responsible for a child’s education. She taught the children to read and write and gave lessons on history, geography, French, music, and of course proper manners. The role may seem comfortable compared with the harder physical labour of the other servants, and they were certainly treated with a great deal more respect but in reality it was often far more complicated.

The Victorian era placed enormous importance on class, and there are few roles that reflect that more clearly than the governess. Most governesses came from educated middle-class backgrounds. Many were the daughters of clergymen, military officers, or professional men who had fallen on hard times. Becoming a governess was one of the few respectable ways that an unmarried middle-class woman could earn a living. Unlike maids, cooks, or laundresses, she was not considered working class. But in spite of her education and good manners, she still worked for a wage, just like the other servants. Which meant she was not really part of the family either.

This left the governess in a difficult position. Compared to the other servants, she usually had certain privileges. She usually had her own bedroom, ate better food, and was not expected to do the heavy domestic work. The cook worked in hot kitchens, the laundry maid in the steam and heat, and the housemaid scrubbed floors and carried water. But in many ways, she carried an emotional burden rather than a physical one.

She lived in an awkward place in the household. She was usually considered higher than the servants, and many servants could resent this. But she was also not part of the family. She might teach the children all day, and then eat alone, and spend evenings isolated in her room. Some people described the governess as living between two worlds, not belonging fully to either one. That loneliness must have been painful.

Some governesses got really close with the children, almost becoming a second mother or mentor. Unfortunately others had to deal with unruly children whose parents expected perfection. Discipline could be difficult, especially when wealthy children knew their governess had very little power.

One famous example of a governess was Baroness Louise Lehzen, the much loved governess of Queen Victoria. Lehzen was, at one point, one of the most important people in Victoria’s life. She offered her stability, affection, and emotional support. Especially when Victoria’s mother and Sir John Conroy tried to control her. Victoria loved and trusted Lehzen completely, and for a time, that seemed unbreakable.

After Victoria was married to Prince Albert, problems developed. Albert disliked Lehzen’s influence over Victoria and believed she interfered too much. Eventually, Lehzen was dismissed from court and she returned to Germany. Victoria was understandably heartbroken. It is a clear reminder of how even the most devoted governesses could eventually be pushed to one side when they were no longer wanted.

The fear of being dismissed hung over many governesses. A governess could give years of her life to a family, helping to raise and educate the children, but once the children grew up or were sent away to school they could be dismissed. Unlike family members, her place was never secure. As they grew older finding a new position was far more difficult and without savings or relatives to support them, some were faced with poverty.

In 1841, the Governesses’ Benevolent Institution was set up in London to help governesses who had fallen on hard times. It gave financial support to women who were ill, elderly, or struggling to find work. The fact that this fund was needed shows just how uncertain life could be.

Governesses influenced future politicians, writers, nobles, and even monarchs. Their job helped to mould the next generation of Victorian society, even though they were often overlooked.

I think the Victorian governess represents one of the saddest contradictions of the era. She could be highly educated, refined, and very important in a household, but still feel invisible and alone.

Do you think being the governess was one of the loneliest roles in a Victorian household?

 

 

The World War Two Blackout: When Britain Turned Out the Lights

The World War Two Blackout: When Britain Turned Out the Lights

Today I want to take a look at something that affected almost every person living in Britain during the Second World War. That was the blackout. It is something many people have heard of, but I think it is easy to underestimate just how much it changed people’s lives and how frightening it may have felt. I want to compare it a little to the First World War, because blackouts existed then too, but not on the same scale.

During the First World War, Britain did experience air raids, especially from German Zeppelins and later bomber aircraft. So some towns and cities were asked to dim or shield their lights at night to make it harder for enemy aircraft to spot their targets. But the threat in the First World War was far less than in the Second World War. Air power was still relatively new, and bombing raids were far less frequent and less devastating. 

By the late 1930s, things were very different. Aviation had advanced, and there was a real fear that German bombers would easily be able to find British cities by following lights from streets, homes, factories, and vehicles. Many people believed that a new war would begin with devastating bombing from the air. That fear was very real.

The blackout officially began on the 1st of September 1939, just two days before Britain declared war on Germany. Across Britain, lights had to go out at night. Street lamps were switched off or heavily dimmed. Homes had to cover their windows with thick curtains, blackout cloth, cardboard, or dark paper so that no light could escape. Even the smallest crack in the curtains led to complaints or official warnings.

People obviously needed supplies to make this work. Blackout curtains became essential. Some families used heavy dark fabric, others improvised using blankets, paper, or even painted glass. Car headlights were also restricted with narrow slits so only a small amount of light showed. Torch use became common, but you even had to be careful with them.

People had to know exactly when the blackout restrictions began each day, as the times changed with the seasons.

 Newspapers regularly printed blackout times, and these were also announced on the radio, including by the BBC. Factories, shops, and workplaces usually displayed notices so that workers could check before they headed home. Routines often revolved around the blackout. Families would rush home to draw the curtains, and prepare before it got dark.

The blackout helped protect Britain from enemy bombers, but it created new dangers. Suddenly, the streets became hazardous. People struggled to see kerbs, walls, steps, and road edges and accidents increased. Pedestrians were hit by vehicles, cyclists crashed, and elderly people often had falls. In the first months alone, thousands were injured, and many people died in blackout-related accidents.

Some estimates suggest that around 4,000 people may have been killed in accidents during the early blackout period and many more were injured.

The blackout was strictly enforced by Air Raid Precautions wardens and the police. Wardens patrolled looking for any light. If light did escape from a house, they might knock on the door and demand it be fixed immediately. It was taken extremely seriously. Repeat offenders could even be fined. As you can imagine, this could cause some tension, as people were already stressed and exhausted.

Emotionally, the blackout was difficult. Many people were anxious and felt isolated and claustrophobic. Darkness made life even harder. Children were also frightened and elderly people often felt vulnerable. But there was also resilience. Families adapted. Neighbours helped one another. 

The blackout continued throughout most of the war and finally ended on the 30th of April 1945, just days before victory in Europe. After nearly six years the lights were slowly returned to Britain. 

It must have been very strange that first night when the lights came back. Relief, maybe. After years of fear and sacrifice, Britain could finally shine once again.

Do you think you would have coped with years of living with the blackout?

The Medieval Ale Taster: The Surprising Job Behind Safe Ale

The Medieval Ale Taster: The Surprising Job Behind Safe Ale

Recently we have been finding out about medieval jobs, and today I want to learn more about the medieval ale taster. They had an important role in medieval society.

Ale tasting might sound like an amazing job and quite amusing at first. It sounds like someone was paid to just drink beer all day. But the reality was more serious.

 At the time, ale was one of the most common drinks because water was not always a safe drink, especially in the busy towns and cities where wells and rivers could easily become polluted. Ale was drunk daily, even by children, although they had a weaker version. They had to make sure it was safe and sold fairly.

Ale was usually brewed in homes or by local brewers, and many women known as alewives played a big role in making and selling it. Brewing helped a family to earn an extra bit of money, but once money became involved, so did rules. Local authorities wanted to make sure that ale was good quality and sold at a fair price. Nobody wanted watered-down ale, spoiled ale, or ale sold dishonestly. That is where the ale taster came in.

Ale tasters were sometimes called ale conners. They were appointed by officials from towns or manors. Their job was to inspect ale that was being sold to the public. They had to also ensure that the ale met the set standards and that the brewers were following the local regulations. This was not just about taste, it was about safety.

When an ale taster visited a brewer, they checked it very carefully by looking at its colour, smell, and its consistency. They then tasted it. They checked whether it was sour, weak, or of poor quality. The price was also a considered factor. Medieval governments even sometimes set prices for ale based on the cost of grain. If a brewer charged too much, they could actually be fined.

One of the most famous stories about ale tasters was about their clothing. According to popular tradition, some tasters would wear leather breeches. They would poor ale on a wooden bench, then sit on it. If too much sugar had been added to make the drink unnaturally sweet or sticky, the leather could stick to the bench. While historians still debate just how often this method was really used, the story gives us a little glimpse into the creative ways people tried to test quality.

Being an ale taster probably was not as enjoyable as it sounds. Imagine having to sample drink after drink, sometimes early in the morning. Some ale may have been excellent, fresh even. But some batches may have been sour, stale, or unpleasant. They sometimes had to make difficult decisions, if they judged a brewer’s ale as poor quality, it could affect someone’s income and reputation. That could not have been easy, especially in small communities where everyone knew each other.

An ale taster had a responsibility. If any unsafe or contaminated ale reached the public, people could get very ill. Their role helped to protect families. In many ways, they were an early forms of food and drink inspectors, they helped to maintain standards, even before modern health regulations existed.

Brewing eventually became more commercial and organised. Large breweries and changing regulations gradually reduced the need for ale tasters.

Do you think that being a taste tester was as good a job as it sounds?

Patrick Munro: The Only MP to Die on Home Guard Duty

Patrick Munro: The Only MP to Die on Home Guard Duty

As you know, we have been learning a little bit about the Home Guard. So today I thought I would tell you about Patrick Munro. He was a politician and a sportsman who served in the Home Guard during the Second World War.

He was born on the 9th of October 1883 in Partick, Glasgow. He went to Leeds Grammar School before studying History at Christ Church, Oxford. While he was at university, he proved to be both academic and athletic. He became especially well known for playing rugby.

He played for Oxford University and later London Scottish. He built a strong reputation in the sport. Between 1905 and 1911, he played thirteen times for Scotland and even captained the national team.

In 1907, Munro joined the Sudan Political Service and later became Governor of both Darfur and Khartoum. He earned honours and recognition including the Order of the Nile. In 1931, he became Conservative MP for Llandaff and Barry.

While he served in Parliament, Munro joined the Home Guard. Sadly, on the 3rd of May 1942 at the age of 58, he collapsed and died during a military exercise at Westminster. He had been taking part in a large simulated German parachute invasion training exercise around the Palace of Westminster. He was acting as a runner and collapsed in the Liberal Whips’ room.

Sadly, he was not the only volunteer to die while on duty. But he was the only MP to die while on Home Guard duty. Over 1,200 Home Guard men lost their lives while serving during the war.

The Victorian Nursemaid: Caring and Raising Children in a Changing World

The Victorian Nursemaid: Caring and Raising Children in a Changing World

Yesterday we found out about medieval and Tudor nursemaids, and today I want to find out a little bit about the Victorian nursemaid and how they compare.

By the Victorian era, Britain had changed enormously. The Industrial Revolution had completely changed the country. Cities like London were growing fast, and class was still very much ingrained. Wealthy families usually lived in large, grand houses, and they employed several servants. This was seen as success and respectability and was very much valued. If the family had children, one of those servants could have been the nursemaid. Her job was to care for the children. In some ways, her role was similar to the nursemaids of earlier centuries, but the Victorian era brought changes.

Like many domestic servants, nursemaids usually came from poor or working-class families. Some were still quite young, maybe only in their mid to late teens when they entered service. But experienced older women could also have the role. For many young women, becoming a nursemaid offered them more that just a wage. It could offer them regular meals and a roof over their heads as well. To the many families that were struggling with poverty, it may have seemed like a valuable opportunity. But like so many servant roles, the reality was often demanding and exhausting.

A Victorian nursemaid’s day usually began early and ended late at night. Her duties depended on the age of the children and the size of the household. She helped with washing, dressing, feeding, comforting, and entertaining the children. She might be required to prepare the nursery meals, keep the children’s clothes clean, tidy up the toys, and sometimes settle the children to sleep. If a baby was in the household, sleepless nights must have made the job even harder.

Unlike many medieval and Tudor nursemaids, Victorian nursemaids often worked in a more structured servant hierarchy. In larger households, they usually answered to the nurse or head nurse, who supervised the nursery and oversaw the children’s care. In smaller homes, the nursemaid might be required to manage most of the childcare herself. She was expected to be patient, calm and reliable.

Victorians placed a huge amount of importance on manners, discipline, and respectability. These values influenced how children were raised. Nursemaids were expected to care for children but to also teach them how to behave.

 Life as a nursemaid must have been quite lonely. She spent a lot of her time in the nursery or outdoors pushing the babys pram in parks and streets. They were seen but very rarely noticed. Although she cared for the children, she was still a servant.

This must have been a difficult line to walk. She was the one caring for the children every day, comforting them, witnessing their first words and first steps, but you were still beneath the family. There were invisible boundaries that you could never cross.

The conditions nursemaids worked in could be very different depending on the home. In wealthy houses, the nursery might be warm and comfortable, but the long hours were still tiring. In some homes, life was much harder. She might sleep in a small room or in the nursery and get very little time off. Like many servants, she was expected to be ready whenever she was needed.

Compared with medieval and Tudor nursemaids, Victorian nursemaids often worked in more organised households with stricter routines and expectations.

It was these young women that quietly helped to raise the next generation.

Do you think Victorian children sometimes felt closer to their nursemaids than to their own parents?